All About Evolve Timber

Evolve Timber for Dummies


If you have a little experiment in home remodelling DIY projects, it is far better to check your ability and also experiment twice prior to you start. If you still take up the challenge, you need to check out as well as discover everything regarding floorboard installment going ahead. For that, you can browse the internet and also read write-ups (Simply like this) or see how-to video clips.


Several individuals overlook the maker's user's manual and also make expensive errors. If the item does not go along with an installment manual you can generally obtain it from the supplier's web site (https://sketchfab.com/ev0lvetimber). There are plenty of excellent setup video clips on You, Tube you can examine to get acquainted with the procedure. engineered hardwood flooring near me. 3- Select the best flooring kind as well as know your subfloor.


The majority of kinds of floor covering need to just be mounted on an also subfloor. The high quality of subfloor straight affects the general top quality of the floorboard setup. A lot of installation instructions offer a tool list.


If your item does not featured a tool list don't worry, listed below we gave a brief list of devices needed for each and every kind of flooring. Choose the Right Devices Selecting the right tools makes a world of distinction - sunshine coast hardwood floors. Right here is a fast list of crucial devices for each and every flooring kind: Wood Pencil and chalk line, floor bolts, drill, hammer, nail, wood nailer, miter and also jam saw,6-foot level, measuring tape, cloth rags, painter tape, flooring coating, sanding device if needed Laminate, vinyl as well as click hardwood: Laminate, miter and jig saw, and also inch spacers, hammer, tape step, pencil, glue as needed, faucet Plastic Tiles Tape step, chalk line, energy blade, handsaw Ceramic Tile Tape procedure, pencil, drill, straight side, undercut saw, energy blade, cement, mortar Furthermore, you need a broom as well as a vacuum cleaner to do away with dirt and derbies while mounting any type of sort of flooring.




Rumored Buzz on Evolve Timber


 



You're believing regarding placing in new floors. In any instance, you need to understand that changing flooring is no easy undertaking.


"Many floor covering kinds will vary in between $5 and also $25 a square foot," Charlotte Granville, residence remodeling expert at Fixr, claims. On the whole, it usually works out to anywhere between $1,500 to $8,000 to refloor a house, according to the contractor-search website with a national average price of $3,500. That's a huge range, so allow's enter into where your details job might land.




 



The cost to mount floor covering ranges from $5 and $25 a square foot, with the nationwide average rate to refloor a home running $3,500. The last cost of flooring installation relies on numerous elements, from the floors' dimension as well as format to their existing problem. Materials and labor are the most essential impacts in flooring prices.


New floorings' return on investment arrays from 25% to 118%, depending on product, yet a top quality job can boost a house's perceived worth at resale time., materials and labor are the Big Two influencers on a floor setup, however you need to go past them when you're trying to budget.




The Best Guide To Evolve Timber


You might visit this site right here have the option to merely put your new floor on top of your old one. This sort of flooring floats or rests atop your existing surface, frequently with some kind of underlayment in between the two.


"When changing the floors, removal prices are usually included in the substitute and also reflect the type of material selected," Granville says. Demo-ing floor tile or stone needs extensive labor, while ripping out carpeting can be fairly easy.


The larger the room, the more worldly you'll require, driving your general task cost up. "A brand-new washroom flooring can set you back just $250 whereas the expenses can reach up to $25,000 for the cellar" running the size of the house, Granville notes. engineered timber flooring. Laying the floor anywhere other than a flat surface will certainly increase expense.


You additionally require to consider what's going on under the flooring you intend to lay. As well as is it sufficient to sustain whatever your new floors will be?




6 Simple Techniques For Evolve Timber


A 5-inch hardwood plank calls for the floor to be a lot even more degree than a 1. "If the existing floors are sunken, creaking or split, the subfloor may need changing, which costs around $3.


Even if you're doing a drifting floor, you might still desire or require something in between your old floor and your brand-new one. This underlayment or underpad aids to wet sound, supply pillow and also shield your floors., you may have an underpad requirement," Steckel claims.


"Mounting plastic floor covering doesn't generally surpass $18 per square foot, yet anticipate to pay up to $60 a square foot for high-end marble floor covering." And also, whether you're looking at laminate, plastic, ceramic tile, rug or any other material, you'll have alternatives within the category. "There's constantly a scale from extremely economical to costs," Steckel says.

 

The Main Principles Of Global Builders Warehouse Flooring Shop

Some Known Questions About Global Builders Warehouse Hybrid Flooring.


Picking a selection causes a full page refresh. Press the area essential after that arrow keys to make a choice.


Be skeptical if a contractor or tradesperson asks you to authorize a building license as an owner home builder, despite the fact that they will certainly be doing the job. This is dangerous for you and might wind up costing a whole lot even more than you anticipate. The builder may be unregistered and/or trying to prevent their legal duties.


Even if you have actually authorized as the proprietor building contractor on the structure license: you as well as a home builder, specialist or tradesperson have to participate in a created contract for residential building job greater than $10,000 a contractor, specialist or tradesperson have to give you domestic structure insurance for job more than $16,000. This insurance policy protects you if they die, disappear or become financially troubled service warranties still use.




The Basic Principles Of Spc Hybrid Flooring Doveton


Laminate Flooring DovetonWaterproof Flooring Doveton
For additional information on these and also other building law adjustments, visit the Owner-builders area of the VBA site. ensure that the job meets building policies, requirements and also other regulations schedule constructing assessments as called for by law at particular phases of the building work. We suggest you: enter right into significant domestic structure agreements with builders as well as tradespeople for job over $10,000 use registered home builders for job over $10,000 or to reblock, restump, demolish or get rid of a house, no matter the value of this work.


The insurance coverage covers non-structural problems for two years and various other problems for six years. After six years the residential or commercial property is no longer covered by domestic structure insurance. Domestic building insurance policy, formerly called 'home builders guarantee insurance', secures the purchaser if you (as the owner builder) pass away, come to be financially troubled or vanish.




Global Builders Warehouse Laminate FlooringGlobal Builders Warehouse Timber Flooring
You will require: the problems report domestic building insurance certificates offered to you by home builders or tradespeople for work with your task. The cover comes to be efficient once the contract of sale is authorized. The buyer can just utilize the insurance when the owner building contractor has died, comes to be financially troubled or has actually disappeared.




7 Easy Facts About Hybrid Flooring Doveton Shown


Residential structure insurance coverage does not cover issues or incomplete job identified in the flaws evaluation record. Hybrid flooring Doveton. For more details on domestic structure insurance, check out the Victorian Managed Insurance Authority's site.


We just collaborate with the very best. When picking brands and products, we demand top quality, integrity, functionality and cost for our consumers. We likewise deal with the needs of projects that require an one-of-a-kind touch and can deal with you to produce that special factor of difference.


Owner contractors are not qualified for insurance via the Queensland Home Service Warranty Plan. This insurance protects homeowner that have an agreement with an appropriately licenced contractor. SPC Hybrid flooring Doveton. This insurance policy aids homeowner when: the contractor falls short to finish the structure work for factors which are not the house owner's mistake the service provider falls short to correct defective building work the building is damaged when the ground subsides or resolves.




Not known Factual Statements About Global Builders Warehouse Spc Hybrid Flooring


 



 

 



We can only provide one license to you every 6 years. After we release the license, we alert Titles Queensland as well as they contract flooring companies place a notice of the owner contractor job on the property title.




If you sell the building within 6 years of the conclusion day, you must tell the potential buyer in writing. You can apply to remove the proprietor home builder management guidance from the home title 6 years after you have actually completed the job (the conclusion day is the day your certifier accept last documents).




Timber Flooring DovetonGlobal Builders Warehouse Hybrid Flooring
Robot Building Products is the skilled name in building products Melbourne has actually familiarized as well as depend on. A local household had and also operated business, we remain to supply top quality building items at competitive costs after greater than sixty years of procedure. Our knowledgeable staff are find more info always available to provide you help as well as professional recommendations on product efficiency as well as use.




The 7-Minute Rule for Laminate Flooring Doveton


To be qualified for an owner-builder certification of consent, you should fulfill the list below demands as detailed in Area 25E of the Building Act 1993: You're the proprietor of the land (or the supervisor of a business or recipient of a depend on that has the land). Your building work remains in connection to, or supplementary to, a single domestic house.


You are not in the 'company of building'. You have not previously entered right into a contract to offer an owner-built residence without getting the needed insurance.


(Nevertheless, you may ask for an exception if there are unique situations connecting to this demand, such as economic hardship that could result if the application were rejected.) Owner-builder tasks need to connect to single residential homes. The tasks can be the building and construction of new houses, or alterations, improvements or additions to existing houses.




What Does Global Builders Warehouse Timber Flooring Do?


 


You will certainly need to specify the description of structure job when you finish your application for an owner-builder certificate see this site of permission. You can commonly locate the summary of building deal with illustrations given by a designer or draftsperson. If you do not have illustrations, you can call your structure property surveyor to discover the description of the work.


Gone are the days of preparing jobs in an old note pad that gets shed in the rear of the van. Global Builders Warehouse Laminate flooring. And also the outcomes have actually had a straight effect on the firm's performance: Selco appreciated a whopping 50% increase in job checklist leads sent out from its consumers.


What regarding the products made use of to construct the columns, ceilings, and also floorings that surround the spectacular piece of architecture? These building and construction materials are essential for every building and construction - Global Builders Warehouse SPC Hybrid flooring.

 

Flooring Contractor In Plano, Tx Can Be Fun For Anyone

Residential Flooring Services In Plano, Tx for Dummies


When it concerns renovating a room in your house, it can be tempting to want to damage your do it yourself itch. All those restoration reveals make it look so simple! But, when it involves laying flooring, there are lots of engaging reasons that you ought to rely on a professional to do it for you.




 



 

 



Often half the fight of floor covering is the preparation stage - Bathroom Remodeling in Plano, TX. Understanding what floor covering type is finest fit to the space/occupants, how to demolish, repair or prepare a location for new floors, staying with a budget plan and timeline, and also what to anticipate throughout the floor covering setup: you have to have a handle on these things to ensure a smooth job.




 


Maybe one of the primary reasons you ought to think about employing an accredited flooring service provider is that they are fully accountable (as well as insured) for their work, suggesting you can trust that they have your best passion in mind! The difficulty with hiring unlicensed specialists or a friend to do your floorings is they're extra most likely to cut corners simply to obtain the task done much faster.




The Best Guide To Kitchen Remodeling In Plano, Tx


There's a great deal that can go incorrect with floor covering setup. Several individuals take too lightly the time, skill, and mastery that goes right into laying floor covering so they presume any individual can do it (there will be exemptions of program) yet laying flooring isn't as simple as it appears.


You have selected out your brand-new hardwood flooring, as well as now it is time to get it mounted. The appropriate solution to that question is that you should work with a specialist to handle your hardwood floor installment.




Kitchen Remodeling In Plano, TxLuxury Vinyl Services In Plano, Tx
A specialist will certainly not only install your new wood flooring, but they will additionally aid you pick the most effective top quality product. In this manner, your floors look and also really feel top notch. Carpet Installation in Plano, TX. If you have no idea what you require to be looking for in hardwood products, you can end up obtaining truly low-grade floor covering without recognizing it, and also your floors would fade as well as warp quicker than you would certainly such as.




Some Known Factual Statements About Bathroom Remodeling In Plano, Tx


Save on your own the moment, money and also stress and anxiety as well as call us today at Wright's Rug as well as Floor covering to deal with your hardwood flooring setup.


The flooring is an integral component of any kind of structure. Whether you have Full Article laminate, hardwood flooring, or a carpet, your flooring is just one of the important things your visitors will certainly see first when they walk right into your residence or office. This is why you must select an attractive floor that ideal suits your requirements.


Many thanks to their years of method and working with distinct situations, they can safeguard your project as well as complete also the most difficult jobs. Watching a Do It Yourself You, Tube video clip can be helpful, yet it will certainly not assist you to do the work right the very first time. Work with a knowledgeable professional, and you will stay clear of many troubles in the future.




Unknown Facts About Carpet Installation In Plano, Tx


Hardwood Flooring Services In Plano, TxLuxury Vinyl Services In Plano, Tx
There you have it; 5 advantages of working with experts to set up new floor covering. For the very best flooring kinds and also styles, you can just count on floorings. Call them today as well as obtain accessibility to the finest industry-related specialists who will ensure that your floorings are not only lovely yet likewise ideal.


Eliminating your flooring on your own is one of your choices when it comes to floor elimination. The biggest benefits to eliminating your floor on your own are: Eliminating your flooring(s) on your own will certainly conserve you money if every little thing goes.




Flooring elimination isn't as easy as it may seem, and it's rather tough job at times. Due to this, it can be a time-intensive as well as painstaking task, making it a he has a good point much better task for pros for a majority of property owners. Hiring a pro has several advantages to homeowners, including: Let's encounter it: Most individuals are hectic as well as have much better things to do than pry up your floors for hours at a time.




Fascination About Commercial Flooring Service In Plano, Tx


 


Working with a specialist saves you time and gets your project done quicker. To state the least, flooring removal is untidy. There are extra pounds of dirt that can spread throughout your residence if not correctly taken care of, as well as the adhesive that should be removed and cleansed up can be a severe frustration.


Research study the rates of the types as well as design of floor covering materials that you're seeking, along with any prospective delivery costs. Residential Flooring Services in Plano, TX. If you try the task on your own, likewise make sure to consider the expense of all essential tools, devices, and also supplies if you don't already very own or have accessibility to these things.


Just how familiar are you with home enhancement jobs in general? Have you ever finished a wood floor covering job before? Floor covering restorations may seem to be something you can or be ready to deal with as you at first consider doing the job on your own versus employing a floor covering business, yet it's vital to examine your real, total ability in whether you can finish the job adequately as well as to your satisfaction.




10 Easy Facts About Bathroom Remodeling In Plano, Tx Explained


And also let's encounter it: employing a professional service provider gets rid of the headache of undertaking this kind of DIY project in the first location. Prior to employing a flooring business, get the measurements of the area or area that you will certainly be operating in to make certain that you obtain precise quotes pop over to these guys - Flooring Contractor in Plano, TX. Get a number of estimates in addition to recommendations, which a good flooring company need to constantly agree to give.

 

Some Of Flooring

The smart Trick of Flooring That Nobody is Discussing


Base laying is nearly the exact same for of After that the flooring is on, for various floor covering. In this, we talk about various that are readily available for your house and just how to pick flooring.




 


The are handmade, nonetheless, the names are utilized. are made from (sheep, and so on), plants (cotton), or. The weaves Rugs on the market are Dhurrie and. The originated from as well as Kilims Rugs come primarily from. The fiber is hand or around the warp. It utilized two i) The and ii) The modifications are attained by the red stripes.




Flooring Near MeFlooring Near Me
Sizes:, 180 * 120 as well as Utilize in the area: &. Rug heap refers to of thread on a carpet's that are.


They are and available in a. Sizes:- of carpets as well as of carpetings. The Produced as well as from India, Turkey,, Morocco, and. carpets are via numerous reels of are fed into, which quickly the carpet according to a Throughout can be for fixed sizes, and as well as sizes can be simultaneously, which means product once the is running.




Not known Details About Flooring


These are made use of in locations i. e the of stairs as well as in in. These rugs are in simple & Available Sizes:- is a made use of mostly in and institutional.




 


It feels cozy, and also easy to like various other tough. It is water and easy in. Trowel,, Vinyl floor tiles,, Self-leveling Floor roller,, Hammer, One of the of plastic floor covering is that it is very easy to install and and. The expense and to install are isand provides terrific support to the.


Vinyl flooring is to install and. you can it when you so and also without much With the of variety on the market today, you can any type of product. are usually made use of to develop or and also can from ceramic tiles to. These are the floor covering choices for your ideal. Floor tiles are from ceramic with a finish, however various other are also used, such as, marble, granite,, and also ceramic slurry.


Ceramic Floor Tile, Porcelain Ceramic Tile High with. resistance at. Resistance to. to tidy and Harder as well as stiffer than, a lot more warmth, and also than metals and also. Immune to spots as well as. Their avoids the of fire. far a lot far better than any type of various other, as it remains in numerous as well as appearances.




The Single Strategy To Use For Flooring


is easy and taking. These are readily available in hence no cutting is. Ceramic tiles are - Flooring Stores Near Me. are tiles with a of vitrification and also is less. is a procedure of of a glass stage inside the throughout the. This is done by some in the body. These are the ceramic tiles available in the.




Lvp FlooringFlooring Metairie
For wood flooring is the most effective. There are variousoptions and as. In these kinds of slim and thin of wood are to every various other by tongue and also In, the wider planks are and these are also as well as. they are the resilient is made up of pieces of woodcut in ranging from.


These are composed of a of a rectangular block with and also groove joints on All remain in solid timber and also in, which is a thin laminated to a layer of wood to make sure that it can be sanded and also. One is far better matched to moisture-prone areas such as the.


Their installation leaves a for this. The hardness can be to marble and the former is in as much as 45 different and also We should use a or your wood floor because stone as internet well as sandy dirt will certainly your floor. You must floor coverings or rugs in the to a room with and also these doormats be cleansed.




Our Lvp Flooring PDFs


It immediately by with a completely dry terry The of surface must be used to the wooden when cleansing the, when the no much longer the sparkle, or when the has been utilized. water in the floor can wood, so avoid the flooring. The to the sun can cause the floor to warp, or.




 

 



is referred even more to on the ended up. Some various a flooring covers consist of carpet, is an utilized mainly in as well as institutional. These are one of the most. far better than any kind of various other, as it remains in various and also appearances. Easy to. is simple and also taking. These are readily available in thus no cutting is.


When it involves the floor covering material for your residences, offices and various other business places, has a whole lot to offer. You can select from various materials or materials on your floor covering. Nevertheless, the 5 various sorts of floor covering are as follows: Setting up any of the above floor covering product can make a big influence on the worth of your residences.


This type of floor covering needs some attention and also is much more pricey as contrasted to the various other choices in. If you are taking a look at an one-time financial investment when it comes to floor covering, stone floor covering is a wise selection. It is indestructible as well like this as can last you a life time. Mounting this kind of floor covering in your houses can give it a classic look and add worth to your existing house.




The Discount Flooring Diaries


Home owners that are taking into consideration installing this kind of flooring ought to know that stone flooring are likely to chip, calls for routine cleansing and come to be unsafe when wet. Those of you that are trying to find a flooring option that can stand up to high website traffic needs to take into consideration going with tile flooring. This sort of floor covering is exceptionally long lasting are not indestructible.


You can buy them from different widely known suppliers in that offer various patterns, layouts and also textures. Last yet not the least, this kind of timber floorings made using multiple timber veneers. The veneers that are used in the wood flooring can be the exact same or different types. The specialty of this timber floor is that the grain of each veneer runs in various directions, which raise its stability.


If you are looking to installing any of the above-mentioned types of flooring, make certain to work with a trustworthy carrier. Only such companies can enlighten floor replacement you with the right knowledge and overview you in buying the floor covering that matches your demands.


Flooring is a vital part of any kind of house. When seeking to acquire a home, you will certainly see varieties of flooring choices ranging in cost and top quality. It's a great concept to understand the various sorts of flooring so you can determine whether to keep the existing flooring or modification to one more one.




All About Carpet


They are likewise slippery and youngsters and the senior have to take care when walking on ceramic floor tiles, particularly with socks. The product isn't for locations where individuals stand a whole lot due to the fact that the floor tile doesn't give. Ceramic floor tile is additionally cold in the wintertime, so the bathroom or various other areas where you stroll barefoot aren't constantly the most comfortable.




Flooring Stores Near MeFlooring
A great deal of individuals don't consider concrete as a flooring material, but it's ending up being extra usual. Carpet. Concrete floor covering can come in a selection of shades and textures as well as can include warmth to a space. Cooking area, living spaces, and also home entertainment areas are ideal areas for concrete floorings. Pros: Concrete floor covering is highly sturdy; it's difficult to scratch or scuff this material.

 

More About Vinyl Floor

Vinyl Floor Removal - Truths

 

If you can not locate a starting factor, you might need to create it. One possibility is to use a hammer as well as chisel to start disintegrating the cement. Or, you can utilize a grout saw or rotary tool to reduce along the sides of the grout, loosening it. With enough cement eliminated, you can tear up a floor tile to produce your starting point.


The process of eliminating floor tile can differ depending on whether the underlayment is plywood, concrete or a thick bed of mortar and whether you wish to try to restore the underlayment or otherwise. If you have a plywood underlayment, one method is to get rid of a single row of tile down the length of the flooring and also an additional in the center of the floor.


You need to be able to work a crowbar under the plywood as well as tear it and the floor tile out at the same time. (Certainly, you'll have to replace the plywood with brand-new underlayment.)The kind of underlayment will likewise determine exactly how cautious you require to be eliminating the ceramic tiles. Cement will certainly be able to hold up against a little bit greater than plywood.

 

 

 

Not known Facts About Vinyl Floor Removal

 

Hardwood Floor RemovalTile Floor
When you have a starting point and have established what's underneath, you can concentrate on obtaining rid of the undesirable tile. The most common method to do this is by functioning a lever under the tile and pulling it up. Frequently, the floor tile will turn up in items, but if you're lucky, it may come up intact.


If you're still having trouble getting those very first few ceramic tiles up, rack up the floor tile diagonally, creating an "X." Continue to score up until it is regarding a 1/16th of an inch deep. After that, put a sculpt along the rating and also struck it with a hammer. As you function the sculpt along the joint, also the most difficult tile ought to begin to separate.


Not just will these devices make the work go quicker, however they will minimize the quantity of effort you need to apply to obtain the ceramic tile up. Be prepared to go back to the pry bar or chisel as you near wall surfaces or closets. Portions of ceramic tile collect swiftly as well as produce potential threats (Ceramic floor).

 

 

 

Getting My Hardwood Floor Removal To Work

 

Hardwood FloorTile Floor
Because floor tile is heavy, empty the trash bin no issue exactly how few pieces are in it whenever you damage. By doing this, you don't need to stress taking it to your exterior trashcan or rented dumpster. When you've completed eliminating all of the tiles, use a broom or shop read this article vacuum cleaner to get rid of away all particles from the underlayment.

 

 

 

 

 

 


Tidy again, taking added. Any kind of dust that is not gotten rid of away will make it harder for the brand-new flooring to stick to the underlayment properly. This action assumes you can recycle the underlayment. You may not be able to reuse it if it is damaged or is not the ideal sort of underlayment for the floor covering you plan to set up.


Even if you intend to set up a tile once again, you might want to change the plywood underlayment that you presently have with a concrete board because it takes in moisture as well as increases. You can recycle your existing plywood underlayment as a base for vinyl as well as linoleum.

 

 

 

Some Known Questions About Ceramic Floor.


Get rid of the old underlayment. Next off, lay the underlayment panels perpendicular to the flooring joists.




Leave the panels' smooth sides up, and room them roughly of an inch from the wall surface. https://sethdeeca.tribunablog.com/alamo-flooring-removal-can-be-fun-for-anyone-27495875. You wish to place each panel beside the previous one so they are gently touching yet not pressing firmly against each other. Secure one side of each panel with nails every 2 inches.

 

 

 

 


Repeat this procedure for each and every row until the area is covered. Use seam filler to fill holes over the nail heads as well as any type of voids. Permit the joint filler to heal and also sand the filler with a belt or flooring sander till smooth. The underlayment is currently all set for your brand-new floor covering.

 

 

 

Rumored Buzz on Flooring Installation


Nonetheless, removing plastic floor tiles can be very hazardous if they have asbestos. Perfectly risk-free while undamaged, plastic ceramic tiles including asbestos release this unsafe material into the air when destroyed and also drew apart (https://brookshnnml.blog5star.com/17056776/the-best-guide-to-alamo-flooring-removal). Also if you think you've taken every preventative measure to keep your home risk-free as you eliminate these plastic floor tiles, asbestos can get involved in your a/c system.


It is difficult to inform whether the floor tiles in your home have asbestos or otherwise. An excellent general rule is that if the residence was integrated in the 2000s or later, the vinyl tiles are not asbestos. Homebuilders quit making use of plastic floor tiles having asbestos in the 1990s, and also consumers might not buy them by this point either.


Some labels will specify outright that they are asbestos-free. At least, you should be able to discover the brand as well as a product number and research study whether that specific ceramic tile consists of asbestos. The very best way to determine whether your vinyl ceramic tile is risk-free to eliminate is to hire an asbestos abatement professional to inspect your floorings.

 

 

 

About Hardwood Floor


Even if your tile consists of asbestos, don't misery. Once you're sure the plastic floor tiles you desire to eliminate don't contain asbestos, you'll desire to gather the tools you'll require: Energy knife, Scraper, Hairdryer or comparable gadget, Boiling water, Dish soap, Citrus-based adhesive eliminator, Garbage can Utilizing the utility blade, rack up the middle of each tile.
 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15